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Canaanite & Phoenician History &
Culture
Between the period of 1200 B.C. and
900 B.C. there was no major military power in Mesopotamia. Therefor
smaller states like Phoenicia and the Hebrew kingdom were able to prosper.
These kingdoms especially the Phoenicians started to trade throughout the
Mediterranean region.
Phoenicia (foh-NEE-shee-ah)
Phoenicia is the Greek name for the country and
people living on
the coast of Syria in ancient times at the east end of
the
Mediterranean Sea. It is believed that economic opportunity and
population
pressures forced them out into the seas. The Phoenicians
colonized many areas
along the Mediterranean Sea. Areas where their
colonies have been found:
Sardinia Cyprus, and Carthage-most
important and lasting colony By far they
were superior to all
peoples of that time in seamanship. Legend has it that an
Egyptian
pharaoh hired a band of Phoenicians to map and
circumnavigate the
coast of Africa. They are best remembered for
their contributions in the
establishment to trade with the many
peoples living along the Mediterranean
Sea. The Greeks received
their alphabet from them as late as the 10th century
B.C. or as
early as the 15th. Other antiquities famed to the Phoenicians
include
carved ivories to be used in furniture, metalwork, and
especially glassware.
THE PHOENICIANS ROUTES OF THE
PHOENICIANS The Fertile
Crescent is roughly an arc-shaped area
which stretches from the mouth of the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers
at the Persian Gulf, west to the Red Sea. About
5,000 years ago it
was inhabited by a race know as Semites. The Semites who
lived in
the eastern portion of the Fertile Crescent were Sumerians,
Assyrians,
and Babylonians. In the western portion lived the
Amorites. Those Amorites
who settled in what are today Lebanon,
Syria, and Israel were know as
Canaanites. Later, the Greek called
them Phoenicians.
PHOENICIANS IN HISTORY There is
no doubt the the Phoenicians were
among the most interesting people
in history. Because they left so few written
records of their own
achievements, their history has been pieced together from
records
of all the other nations with which they came in contact, either
through
trade or through battle. Other information has been
gathered from the work of
archaeologists whose digging have
unearthed tombs of their rulers or what little is left of their
cities.
The Phoenician
Alphabet.
THE OLDEST CITY IN THE WORLD
Archaeologists have uncovered
homes of farmers and fishermen in
Gebeil dating back to 7000 B.C. They found
one-room huts with
crushed limestone floors and stone idol of god El. Because
of these
discoveries, it is thought that Gebeil (later known as Byblos)
may
actually be the oldest city in the world.
TIES WITH
EGYPT As far as back as 3200 B.C., the people of Gebeil
(Byblos)
were cutting down cedar trees in the mountains of Lebanon, to
be
shipped to Egypt and Mesopotamia for use in building ships and
making
columns for houses. In return, the Phoenicians brought back
gold, copper, and
turquoise from the Nile Valley and Sinai.
Canaanite ceramic pieces have been
found in Egyptian tombs dating
back to 2999 B.C. In 1954, archaeologists
found Cheops (khufu) at
Giza. Cheops lived around 2550 B.C. The barge was
made of Lebanese
cedar wood and faint scent of the cedar was still in the grain
at
the time of its discovery.
THE ALPHABET Sumerian cuneiforms (wedge
shaped symbols in clay
tablets) and Egyptian hieroglyphics
(pictographs) were the only known forms of
writing before the
alphabet as we know it was developed. Both scripts,
though
separately created, used picture writing. Eventually,
pictures or signs
represented sounds. Finally, the pictures became
so simplified that a whole
word was written as a single sign. By
about 1200 B.C., the Phoenicians had
developed symbols which in
time became a real alphabet. The Phoenician
alphabet consisted of
twenty-two symbols, all consonants. Each one
represented its own
sound. The Egyptian symbol for the
ox head was
given the
Semitic name aleph and was sounded as "a." The symbol for
house became
Beth and was sounded as "b." It
is easily see how the Phoenician alphabet was
used to form the
other alphabets which followed it. Aleph became the Greek
alpha,
Beth became beta. In time, these letters became
the Roman letters A and
B and eventually the English A and B, and
so on for the entire alphabet. Once a
written language was
established, it was inscribed on Egyptian papyrus, a type
of paper
made of reeds. So, closely linked with papyrus with the city of
Byblos
(which traded cedar for the paper) that when the writing of
the Hebrew
prophets were translated into Greek the city's name was
given to the great book
- the Bible. Because the papyrus rotted
away in the damp sea air and soil, there
are practically no
Phoenician writings left. Thus, the literature of the people
who
influenced the western world in her writing has largely vanished.
Still,
because Egyptian scribes copied the Phoenician letters after
hieroglyphics were
no longer used, and because artists in Ninevah
inscribed them in stone, the
alphabet remains with us.
Alphabet
THE CITY-STATES For the next three centuries,
independent Phoenicia
reached its height as a nation whose prime
interests were trade, the arts, and
religion. Organized into
individual city-states, each Phoenician city was under
its own form
of government. Each had its own god and its own ruler,
whose
usually remained in power for life. Gebeil (Byblos) was a
strong religious
city-state. Sidon and tyre were cities of
Business, industry, and navigation.
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